After spending all day, I came to a partial solution to the problem:
• Add xdebug_break () to the beginning of the script, after which you can debug step by step in the Listen for Xdebug mode, but you need to switch to the browser and press F5 each time;
• Work on the built-in administrator account and open the virtual disk partition in the IDE every time - otherwise the function above will stop working, and plus it will generate write errors due to the alleged absence of a file. Both Open Server and XAMPP hide the virtual disk for other users, even if they are administrators.
• Either disable the creation of a virtual hard disk to prevent its creation.

At the same time, debugging Launch currently open script is still not available.

Debugging with Xdebug and VS Code most definitely works. There is likely be something in your set up that is wrong. As this is not a support forum, I'd kindly point you to the support options that are available: https://xdebug.org/support